To provide that the Alabama Prepaid Affordable College Tuition (PACT) Program would be governed by its own board of directors and to provide for the composition and duties of such board of directors.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF ALABAMA:
Section 1. Sections 16-33C-3, 16-33C-4, 16-33C-5, 16-33C-6, 16-33C-7, 16-33C-8, 16-33C-10, 16-33C-11, and 16-33C-12 of the Code of Alabama 1975, are amended to read as follows:§16-33C-3.
The following terms as used in this chapter shall have the meanings ascribed to them, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:
(1) ACES ADMINISTRATIVE FUND. The ACES Administrative Fund created in Section 16-33C-10.
(2) ACES BOARD. The board of directors and trustees of the ACES Trust Fund.
(2) (3) ACES PROGRAM. The Alabama College Education Savings Program created under subsection (a) of Section 16-33C-10.
(3) (4)ACES TRUST FUND. The fiduciary trust fund created in Section 16-33C-10.
(4) (5) ADMINISTRATIVE COST. Any expense of administering the PACT or ACES Programs, including, but not limited to, the costs associated with administering the programs throughout the State Treasurer's office, and any records administration expense.
(5) (6) ADMINISTRATIVE FEE. Any fee or penalty required by the board to be paid by a participant in the plan.
(6) BOARD. The board of directors of the plan and trustees of the PACT and ACES Trust Funds.
(7) CONTRACT PAYMENT. Any amount paid to the PACT Trust Fund toward the purchase of a PACT contract.
(8) CONTRIBUTION. Any amount paid to the ACES Trust Fund for deposit into an ACES savings account.
(9) CONTRIBUTOR. Any person who contributes money to an ACES Program savings account on behalf of a designated beneficiary and who is listed as the owner of the savings account.
(10) DESIGNATED BENEFICIARY. The person designated at the time the PACT contract is entered into or ACES savings account opened as the person who benefits from payments of qualified higher education costs at eligible educational institutions, or that person's replacement.
(11) ELIGIBLE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION. An institution defined in Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and in Section 481 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1988) which is eligible to participate in a program under Title IV of the act.
(12) INVESTMENT COST. Any expense of the PACT or ACES Trust Funds, including, but not limited to, investment manager fees, actuary fees, custodial fees, brokerage commissions, and transactional costs.
(13) LEGISLATURE. The Legislature of Alabama.
(14) PACT BOARD. The board of directors of the plan and trustees of the PACT Trust Fund.
(14) (15) PACT PROGRAM. The Alabama Prepaid Affordable College Tuition Program created in subsection (a) of Section 16-33C-6.
(15) (16) PACT TRUST FUND. The fiduciary trust fund created in subsection (b) of Section 16-33C-6.
(16) (17) PACT ADMINISTRATIVE FUND. The PACT Administrative Fund created in subsection (c) of Section 16-33C-6.
(17) (18) PACT CONTRACT. A contract entered into by the board and a participant in the PACT Program.
(18) (19) PLAN. The Wallace-Folsom College Savings Investment Plan created under Section 16-33C-2.1 that consists of the PACT Program and the ACES Program.
(19) (20) PURCHASER. A person who is obligated to make contract payments in accordance with a PACT contract entered into pursuant to this chapter.
(20) (21) QUALIFIED HIGHER EDUCATION COST. Any higher education expense permitted under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and required for the enrollment or attendance of a designated beneficiary at an eligible educational institution. These expenses include tuition, fees, books, supplies, equipment, and, subject to certain limits, room and board.
(21) (22) SAVINGS ACCOUNT. An individual ACES Trust Fund account established by a contributor pursuant to this chapter on behalf of a designated beneficiary in order to apply distributions from the account toward qualified higher education costs at eligible educational institutions.
(22) (23) SAVINGS AGREEMENT. An agreement entered into between the board and a contributor establishing a savings account.
(23) (24) STATE TREASURER. The State Treasurer of Alabama.
§16-33C-4.
(a) The ACES board shall consist of 10 members as follows:
(1) The Lieutenant Governor, or his or her designee.
(2) The Executive Director of the Alabama Commission on Higher Education (ACHE), or his or her designee.
(3) The State Treasurer.
(4) The Chancellor of the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education, or his or her designee.
(5) One person appointed by the Council of College and University Presidents.
(6) One person appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
(7) One person appointed by the Lieutenant Governor.
(8) One person appointed by the State Treasurer.
(9) Two persons appointed by the Governor.
(b) Members shall serve for terms of office of four years and shall be eligible for reappointment, and shall serve until a successor is appointed. Any person appointed to fill a vacancy on the ACES board shall be appointed in a like manner and shall serve for only the unexpired term.
(c) Each person so appointed shall possess knowledge, skill, and experience in business or financial matters commensurate with the duties and responsibilities of the plan. No person holding a full-time office or position of employment with the state, any county or municipality in the state, any educational institution, or any instrumentality, agency, or subdivision of the foregoing, shall be eligible for appointment to the ACES board.
(d) Members of the ACES board shall serve without compensation, but may be reimbursed for each day's official duties of the ACES board at the same per diem and travel rate as is paid the employees of the state.
(e) The State Treasurer shall be the chair and presiding officer of the ACES board, and the State Treasurer may appoint such other officers as the ACES board may deem advisable or necessary. A majority of the members of the ACES board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of the business of the plan.
§16-33C-5.
In addition to the powers granted by any other provision of this chapter, the ACES board and PACT board shall have, as agents of the State of Alabama, the powers necessary or convenient to carry out the purposes and provisions of this chapter and the powers delegated by any other law of the state or any executive order thereof including, but not limited to, the following express powers:
(1) To adopt and amend bylaws.
(2) To adopt the rules and regulations necessary to implement the provisions of this chapter either with or without compliance with the state Administrative Procedure Act.
(3) To invest as it deems they deem appropriate any funds in the PACT Trust Fund and ACES Trust Fund in any instrument, obligation, security, or property that constitutes legal investments for public funds in the state, including legal investments for the State Treasurer and the Alabama Trust Fund, and to name and use depositories for its investments and holdings.
(4) To execute contracts and other necessary instruments.
(5) To contract with a purchaser under the PACT Program.
(6) To enter into savings agreements under the ACES Program.
(7) To contract for necessary goods and services, to employ necessary personnel, and to engage the services of qualified persons and entities for administrative and technical assistance in carrying out the responsibilities of the plan, including the PACT Trust Fund and ACES Trust Fund, under terms and conditions that the PACT board or ACES board deems reasonable and appropriate. All such contracts awarded by the PACT board or ACES board may be for periods not exceeding five years, except that professional services contracts awarded by the board for the ACES Program may be for periods not exceeding ten years.
(8) To solicit and accept gifts, including bequeathments or other testamentary gifts made by will, trust or other disposition, grants, loans, and other aids from any personal source for deposit into the PACT or ACES Trust Fund as designated by the donor, or if no such designation is made, into either as determined by the PACT board or ACES board, or to participate in any other way in any federal, state, or local governmental programs in carrying out the purposes of this chapter.
(9) To define the terms and conditions of and enter into PACT contracts and ACES savings agreements.
(10) To delegate to the State Treasurer the responsibilities of the day-to-day administration of the plan.
(11) To establish other policies, procedures, and criteria necessary to implement and administer the provisions of this chapter.
(12) To authorize the State Treasurer to approve marketing material produced for the plan. Neither the state, the State Treasurer, the PACT board, nor the ACES board is liable for misrepresentation by a marketing agent.
§16-33C-6.
(a) The PACT Program is established as one college savings alternative under the plan whereby purchasers enter into PACT contracts for the future payment of tuition and mandatory fees at eligible educational institutions. The PACT Program includes the PACT Trust Fund and the PACT Administrative Fund created pursuant to this chapter.
(b) The official location of the trust fund shall be the State Treasurer's office, and the facilities of the State Treasurer shall be used and employed in the administration of the fund including, but without limitation thereto, the keeping of records, the management of bank accounts and other investments, the transfer of funds, and the safekeeping of securities evidencing investments. The PACT Trust Fund is hereby created as the source for payment of the PACT Program's obligations under PACT contracts. The amounts on deposit in the PACT Trust Fund shall not constitute property of the state, and the state may have no claim or interest in them. Payments which are received by the PACT Program from any public or private source, except those which are payments of administrative fees, shall be prudently placed in the PACT Trust Fund. In order to provide funds to enable the PACT Program to pay amounts due under the terms of its PACT contracts, there is irrevocably pledged to that purpose from the PACT Trust Fund the monies necessary to pay those amounts. A PACT contract and any other contract entered into by or on behalf of the trust, does not constitute a debt or obligation of the state, and no participant is entitled to any benefits except those for which he or she contracted.
(c) Payments received by the PACT board from purchasers on behalf of designated beneficiaries or from any other source, public or private, shall be placed in the trust fund, and the fund may be divided into separate accounts as may be determined by the PACT board. The PACT Administrative Fund is hereby created as a separate fund within the State Treasurer's office for the purpose of administering the PACT Program. All administrative fees received by the PACT Program shall be deposited into the PACT Administrative Fund. All funds in the PACT Administrative Fund are hereby irrevocably pledged to the payment of administrative costs of the PACT Program. Funds in the PACT Administrative Fund may be invested by the State Treasurer in any investment facility allowed by this chapter. Any interest and earnings from the investment of funds in the PACT Administrative Fund shall be deposited to, and become a part of, the PACT Administrative Fund for use as authorized by this chapter. All funds in the PACT Administrative Fund at the end of each fiscal year of the State of Alabama shall remain in the PACT Administrative Fund and be automatically carried forward and available to be appropriated by the Alabama Legislature for the administration of the PACT Program.
(d) Gross earnings on PACT Trust Fund principal may be directly used by the PACT board to satisfy investment costs of the PACT Trust Fund and to supplement balances in the PACT Administrative Fund to cover outstanding administrative costs of the PACT Program as the board deems necessary. Gross earnings on the principal of the PACT Trust Fund remaining after payment of investment costs and deposits into the PACT Administrative Fund as authorized herein shall be deposited into, and become a part of, the principal of the PACT Trust Fund. In acquiring, investing, reinvesting, exchanging, retaining, selling, and managing property of the PACT Trust Fund, the PACT board and any person or investment manager to whom the PACT board delegates any of its investment authority shall exercise the judgment and care under the circumstances then prevailing which persons of prudence, discretion, and intelligence exercise in the management of their own affairs, not in regard to speculation but to permanent disposition of funds, considering the probable income as well as the safety of their capital. When acting within this standard of care, no PACT board member, or any person or investment manager to whom the PACT board delegates any of its investment authority, shall be held personally liable for losses suffered by the PACT Program on investments made pursuant to this chapter.
No board member shall be held personally liable for any losses, damages, or claims which have arisen or may arise from or are related to any act or omission of the board member taken in his or her service as a member of the board or as a trustee, so long as the board member acted in good faith.
(e) The PACT board shall obtain appropriate actuarial assistance to establish, maintain, and certify a fund sufficient to defray the obligation of the PACT Trust Fund, and shall annually evaluate or cause to be evaluated, the actuarial soundness of the PACT Trust Fund. After that determination has been made, all monies on deposit in the PACT Trust Fund, up to and including the amount of the future obligations, shall remain on deposit in the PACT Trust Fund. If the PACT board perceives a need for additional assets in order to preserve actuarial soundness of the PACT Trust Fund, it may adjust the terms of subsequent prepaid tuition contracts to ensure the soundness.
(f) Property and income of the PACT Trust Fund and PACT Administrative Fund shall be exempt from all taxation by the state and by all of its political subdivisions.
§16-33C-7.
(a) Each PACT contract shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following terms:
(1) The amount and the number of contract payments required from a purchaser on behalf of a designated beneficiary.
(2) The terms and conditions under which purchasers shall remit contract payments, including, but not limited to, the date or dates upon which each contract payment shall be due.
(3) Provisions for late payment charges and for default.
(4) Provisions for withdrawal from the PACT Program, including refunds and any penalty therefor.
(5) The name and date of birth of the designated beneficiary on whose behalf a contract is drawn.
(6) Terms and conditions under which another person may be subsequently substituted for the designated beneficiary originally named.
(7) The name of the person entitled to terminate the PACT contract, the terms and conditions under which a PACT contract may be terminated, and the name of the person entitled to any refund due as a result of termination of a PACT contract.
(8) The period of time during which the designated beneficiary must claim benefits through the PACT Program.
(9) The number of credit hours contracted for by the purchaser.
(10) All other rights and obligations of the purchaser and the PACT Program.
(11) Such other terms, conditions, and provisions as the board considers in its sole discretion to be necessary or appropriate.
(b) In the event a designated beneficiary is accepted by and elects to attend a college or university outside the State of Alabama, the PACT board shall, upon receipt of evidence of admission to said college or university, remit contract benefits pursuant to the terms of the PACT contract.
(c) A PACT contract shall also specifically provide that, if after ten years following the designated beneficiary's college entrance date or the actual entrance date of a designated beneficiary who is an accelerated student, neither the PACT contract has been terminated nor the designated beneficiary's rights under the contract exercised, the PACT board, after making reasonable effort to locate the purchaser, shall presume the contract purchase amount unclaimed and abandoned property, and thereafter administered in accordance with the Alabama Uniform Disposition of Unclaimed Property Act, Article 2 of Chapter 12 of Title 35.
(d) Nothing in this chapter, nor in a PACT contract entered into pursuant to this chapter, shall be construed as a promise or guarantee by the PACT board or the state that: A person shall be admitted to a particular college or university; or that a person shall be allowed to continue to attend a college or university after having been admitted; or that a person shall be graduated from a college or university; or that Alabama resident status shall be conferred. Each state college or university shall establish its own residency requirements for matriculation.
(e) The state or any state agency, or any county, or municipality, or any other employer in the state is hereby authorized, by contract, or otherwise, to agree with any employee to remit contract payments through payroll deduction made by the appropriate official of the state, state agency, political subdivision, or other employer under the terms of an accepted PACT contract.
§16-33C-8.
In addition to any other requirements of this chapter, the PACT board shall:
(1) Make available summary information on the financial condition of the PACT Program to all purchasers of PACT contracts.
(2) Prepare, or cause to be prepared, an annual accounting report of the PACT Program and transmit a copy of same to the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, and and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Chair of the Alabama PACT Program Advisory Task Force. Such report shall be of the House of Representatives. Such report shall be submitted not later than the fifth legislative day of the regular legislative session. Additionally, such report shall be presented during annual legislative budget hearings.
(3) Make all necessary and appropriate arrangements with colleges and universities in order to fulfill its obligations under PACT contracts.
(4) Submit, before any PACT-related investment or administrative contract is duly executed, a Request for Proposals (RFP).
(5) Require, before any PACT-related investment or administrative contract is duly executed, such contract to be approved by a majority vote of the PACT board.
(6) Prepare, or cause to be prepared, a quarterly report detailing the current projected funding status of the PACT Program and transmit a copy of the same to the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Chair of the Alabama PACT Program Advisory Task Force. the Lieutenant Governor, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
(7) Establish specific investment guidelines that include failsafe measures designed to limit future susceptibility of PACT investments to extreme market fluctuations.
§16-33C-10.
(a) The ACES Program is established as one college savings alternative under the plan whereby contributors open savings accounts according to savings agreements for the payment of qualified higher education costs for a designated beneficiary at eligible educational institutions. The ACES Program includes the ACES Trust Fund, the ACES Administrative Fund, and the ACES Opportunity Enhancement Fund created pursuant to this chapter.
(b) The ACES Trust Fund is hereby created and shall be comprised of separate savings accounts held in segregated accounts as established by savings agreements. Funds contributed to the savings accounts established pursuant to the ACES Program are held in trust by the ACES board for the sole benefit of the contributor and designated beneficiary. Contributions and investment earnings to the savings account may be used for any qualified higher education costs of the designated beneficiary. The amounts on deposit in the ACES Trust Fund shall not constitute property of the state, and the state may have no claim or interest in them. Contributions which are received by the ACES Program from any public or private source, except those which are payments of administrative fees, shall be placed in the ACES Trust Fund. A savings agreement, or any other agreement entered into by or on behalf of the ACES Program or ACES Trust Fund, does not constitute a debt or obligation of the state, and no contributor is entitled to any amounts except for those amounts on deposit in or accrued to the respective savings account.
(c) The ACES Administrative Fund is hereby created as a separate fund within the State Treasurer's office for the purpose of administering the ACES Program. The ACES Administrative Fund shall accept, deposit, and disburse funds for the purpose of administering the ACES Program. All funds in the ACES Administrative Fund are hereby irrevocably pledged to the payment of the administrative costs of the ACES Program. Funds in the ACES Administrative Fund may be invested by the State Treasurer in any investment facility allowed by this chapter. Any interest and earnings from the investment of funds in the ACES Administrative Fund shall be deposited to, and become a part of, the ACES Administrative Fund for use as authorized by this chapter. All funds in the ACES Administrative Fund at the end of each fiscal year of the State of Alabama shall remain in that administrative fund and be automatically carried forward and available to be appropriated by the Alabama Legislature for the administration of the ACES Program.
(d) The State Treasurer is authorized to retain the services of one or more persons as staff members in order to implement and manage the ACES Program. Any expenses incurred shall be paid from the ACES Administrative Fund.
(e) Gross earnings on ACES Trust Fund corpus may be directly used by the ACES board to satisfy investment costs of the ACES Trust Fund and to supplement balances in the ACES Administrative Fund to cover outstanding administrative costs of the ACES Program as the ACES board deems necessary. Gross earnings on the principal of the ACES Trust Fund remaining after payment of investment costs and deposits into the ACES Administrative Fund as authorized herein shall be deposited into, and become a part of, the corpus of the ACES Trust Fund. In acquiring, investing, reinvesting, exchanging, retaining, selling, and managing property of the ACES Trust Fund, the ACES board, and any person or investment manager to whom the ACESboard delegates any of its investment authority, shall exercise the judgment and care under the circumstances then prevailing which persons of prudence, discretion, and intelligence exercise in the management of their own affairs, not in regard to speculation but to permanent disposition of funds, considering the probable income as well as the safety of their capital. When acting within this standard of care, no ACES board member, or any person or investment manager to whom the ACES board delegates any of its investment authority, shall be held personally liable for losses suffered by the ACES Program on investments made pursuant to this chapter.
No board member shall be held personally liable for any losses, damages, or claims which have arisen or may arise from or are related to any act or omission of the board member taken in his or her service as a member of the board or as a trustee, so long as the board member acted in good faith.
(f) Property and income of the ACES Trust Fund, ACES Administrative Fund, and the ACES Opportunity Enhancement Fund shall be exempt from all taxation by the state and by all of its political subdivisions.
(g) The ACES Opportunity Enhancement Fund is created as a separate fund within the State Treasurer's office for the purpose of enhancing and providing higher education opportunities and programs, as the ACES board deems necessary and appropriate. The fund may receive contributions from individuals, private business entities, public corporations, and contractual agreements with service providers. The funds shall be utilized in the discretion and solely at the direction of the ACES board. The amounts on deposit in the fund shall not constitute property of the state, and the state shall have no claim or interest in them.
§16-33C-11.
(a) Each savings agreement made pursuant to the ACES Program shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following terms and provisions:
(1) The maximum and minimum contributions allowed on behalf of a designated beneficiary.
(2) Provisions for withdrawals, refunds, transfers, and any penalties.
(3) The terms and conditions for remitting contributions, including, but not limited to, that contributions may be made in cash only.
(4) The name, address, date of birth, and Social Security number of the designated beneficiary on whose behalf the savings account is opened.
(5) Terms and conditions for designation of a substitute beneficiary.
(6) Terms and conditions for termination of the account, including any refunds, withdrawals, or transfers, and applicable penalties, the name of the person entitled to any refund due as a result of termination, and the name of the person entitled to terminate the account.
(7) The time period during which the designated beneficiary is required to use benefits from the ACES Program.
(8) All other rights and obligations of the contributor and the ACES Program.
(9) Any other terms and conditions which the board deems necessary or appropriate, including those necessary to conform the ACES Program and ACES Trust Fund to the requirements of Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or other applicable federal law.
(b) Each savings agreement made pursuant to this chapter shall provide all of the following:
(1) If, after the specified time period determined by the ACES board under which the designated beneficiary is required to use benefits from the ACES Program, the savings agreement has not been terminated nor the designated beneficiary's rights exercised, the ACES board, after making reasonable effort to contact the contributor, shall presume the savings account monies unclaimed and abandoned property, and thereafter administered in accordance with the Alabama Uniform Disposition of Unclaimed Property Act, Article 2 of Chapter 12 of Title 35.
(2) Participation in the ACES Program does not guarantee that sufficient funds will be available to cover qualified higher education expenses of a designated beneficiary.
(3) Contributions shall be made exclusively for the purpose of meeting the qualified higher education expenses of a designated beneficiary at eligible educational institutions.
(c) Nothing in this chapter shall make any provisions or warranties except as provided in savings agreements, including that a person shall be admitted to, allowed to continue in, graduated from a college or university, or conferred Alabama resident status.
(d) The state or any state agency, county, municipality, or any other employer in the state is hereby authorized, by contract, or otherwise, to agree with any employee to remit contributions through payroll deduction made by the appropriate official of the state, state agency, political subdivision, or other employer under the terms of a savings agreement in the ACES Program.
§16-33C-12.
In addition to any other requirements of this chapter, the ACES board shall:
(1) Make available summary information on the ACES Program to all contributors to savings agreements.
(2) Prepare, or cause to be prepared, an annual accounting of the ACES Program and transmit a copy of same to the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
(3) Make all necessary and appropriate arrangements with colleges and universities in order to fulfill its obligations under savings agreements.
Section 2. Section 16-33C-4.1 is hereby added to the Code of Alabama 1975, to read as follows:
§16-33C-4.1.
(a) The PACT board shall consist of 15 members as follows:
(1) The Director of Finance.
(2) The State Treasurer.
(3) Two persons appointed by the Governor.
(4) One person appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
(5) One person appointed by the Lieutenant Governor.
(6) One person appointed by the Senate President Pro Tempore.
(7) The Chair of the Alabama PACT Program Advisory Task Force.
(7) One person, who shall be a PACT contract holder, appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
(8) The President of the Council of College and University Presidents or his or her designee.
(9) The Chancellor of the Alabama Community College System or his or her designee.
(10) The Executive Director of the Alabama Commission on Higher Education.
(11) One member of the House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
(12) One member of the Senate appointed by the Lieutenant Governor.
(13) The Chief Executive Officer of the Retirement Systems of Alabama or his or her designee.
(14) The President of the Alabama Association of Independent Colleges and Universities or his or her designee.
(b) Members shall serve for terms of office of four yeas and shall be eligible for reappointment, and shall serve until a successor is appointed. Any person appointed to fill a vacancy on the PACT board shall be appointed in a like manner and shall serve for only the unexpired term.
(c) With the exception of those members serving on the PACT board by virtue of their respective offices, a person appointed to the PACT board shall be an expert in the field of investments, market analysis, or financial planning, or on similar matters commensurate with the duties and responsibilities of the plan. Additionally, all members of the PACT board have the fiduciary responsibility to devise and implement an investment strategy designed to maximize investment returns in a manner that correlates with future projected benefit payouts.
(d) Members of the PACT board shall serve without compensation, but may be reimbursed for each day's official duties of the PACT board at the same per diem and travel rate as is paid the employees of the state.
(e) The State Treasurer shall be the chair and presiding officer of the PACT board, and the State Treasurer may appoint such other officers as the PACT board may deem advisable or necessary. A majority of the members of the PACT board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of the business of the plan.
(f) The membership of the PACT Board shall be inclusive and reflect the racial, gender, geographic, urban/rural and economic diversity of the State. The Board shall annually report to the Legislature by the second legislative day of each regular session the extent to which the Board has complied with the diversity provisions provided for in this act.
Section 3. The provisions of this act are severable. If any part of this act is declared invalid or unconstitutional, that declaration shall not affect the part which remains.
Section 4. This act shall become effective immediately following its passage and approval by the Governor, or its otherwise becoming law.